Abstract

This paper posits a conceptual framework that identifies the comparative strengths of public, private, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in carrying out different types of technology transfer, human resource, and social capital development programs. First, public extension appears better suited to undertake a wide range of extension programs dealing with natural resources and farm management. Second, private sector firms have access to superior technologies; therefore they can provide farmers with information to complement these new technological products. Third, NGOs are well suited to assist the rural poor through different types of social capital and poverty alleviation programs. Most NGO staff members are motivated to organize small-scale, marginal farmers and women so they can better access technology and resources.

In strengthening national extension systems for the 21st century, policies and resources should reflect the comparative strengths of public extension, private firms and NGOs. If this type of public- private partnership can be achieved, then the result would be a more effective approach of delivering extension programs to serve the technological, human resource and organizational needs of all groups of farmers in developing countries.

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